Re-assesment work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Re-assesment work - Essay Example Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 1. Reflection on the feedback 4 2. Identification of service package of The Edge 4 3. Service Blueprint for The Edge 4 3.1 Actions of the customer 4 3.2 Onstage employee actions 5 3.3 Backstage employee actions 5 3.4 Supporting processes 6 3.5 Physical evidences 6 4. Walk Through Audit (WTA) of The Edge 7 5. Discussion of GAP analysis and its application to The Edge 10 6. Five dimensions of quality 12 7. Use of technology at The Edge to improve customer service 13 8. Creation of new service blue print for The Edge 14 Conclusion 15 Reference list 16 1. Reflection on the feedback The feedback delivered clearly mentioned that the Harvard referencing needs to be followed exactly as required. Other than that the skills audit module is also reassessed to incorporate the changes and the points that was not there in the 1st submission. On an overall basis the whole assignment is reassessed entirely in order to cover all the points that were not mentioned in the first submission of the assignment. 2. Identification of service package of The Edge The Edge caters to a wide range of customers. The service package of The Edge is as varied as its customer base. It offers three specific types of services. One is the normal food service, the second one is catering or serving in special events and apart from that it also holds private bookings (Benner and Sandstrom, 2012). The service packages are food and drinks, and holding special events. 3. Service Blueprint for The Edge The failure of The Edge is described across 5 important areas of service blue print 3.1 Actions of the customer The customer actions can be described in two different ways. One is active and the other one is passive. In active action, the customer and the canteen staff work together for creation of the service. In this case the canteen staff did not provide customers with suggestion of what they would like to have as improvements over the current food and meal menu (Chi efele, 2012). Since the canteen did not use the customer feedbacks as potential source of improvements so this led to further deterioration of services. The second type of action is passive action. Here the customer and the canteen staff do not have significant chances of interection (Garrick, 2011). The Edge actually gave more importance to this type of action from the customers. The customers were not provided with any kind of complaint form or customer feedback form. Thus the customers were offered services that lacked variety and innovation. Canteen customers usually look out for two different things when they visit canteens, one is affordability and other one is variety. The prices charged are affordable but lack of variety became one of the prime reasons for dissatisfaction. 3.2 Onstage employee actions The onstage employee actions denote the actions that are performed in the view of the customer. The canteen staff lacked simple courtesy of greeting the customers and seeing to it that the customers are attended as quickly as possible. Thus after entering the canteen the customers had to in fact find themselves a table on their own (Gulbrandsen and Smeby, 2008). This does not go well with all types of customers. Since The Edge is a well-known canteens in University of East London, this kind of service created dissatisfaction among the loyal

The Importance of Authority in the Military Essay

The Importance of Authority in the Military - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that  before exploring how authority is used in the military, it is important to understand what the word means and the ideas that it implies. The Collins English Dictionary offers up a variety of definitions, such as "the power or right to control, judge, or prohibit the actions of others," or "such a power or right delegated, especially from one person to another," or "the ability to influence or control others".This study highlights that  authority can only be gained through power, mostly due to the position that someone holds. A high up position can give someone authority over others because of their job description, which likely allows them to offer guidance to subordinates. Another component of the word authority is that it is delegated or assigned, typically from one person to another. Authority is often found in a chain of command, with those towards to top of the tree afforded more authority than people lower down the food chain. Also, au thority usually is a two-way street between leaders and followers. There has to be a relationship between each set of individuals and both should know where they stand in the relationship; only in an equal relationship will there be no need for either party to have authority over the other.  Informal relationships are often like this, whereas in formal situations authority is necessary in order to preserve some sort of organization within large groups of people.... In less formal situations, a leader will look to influence his or her subordinates but not control them. Controlling a group of people allows little room for them to be creative and think outside the box. In formal organizations, control is the preferred action because organizational structures are rigid and require compliance rather than creativity. In taking into account all of the definitions mentioned above, authority forms a key part of the success of any military. Military organizations by nature can be heated environments with little room for failure. Because of this, it is important that everyone remains on the same page, particularly when it comes to military strategy. Whenever a new batch of recruits is hired to work for the military, one of the first things that they go through is a type of boot camp. The reason for this is to shape the mind so much that it will almost do anything asked of it and not question why an action is relevant. Boot camps often require new recruit to work themselves into the ground so much that they lose all ability to rationalize and think on their own two feet. Likewise, getting every solider to wear the same uniform and sleeping in the same quarters helps them to understand that they are part of a team, but a team that has no standout individuals and almost requires every solider to be a clone of the other ones. Forcing soldiers to wake up before dawn and go on treks into forests and jungles makes them mentally tough but it also prepares them to be able to do anything that is asked by their superiors. On the part of the leaders, they are only doing what is best for the success of the military, which is to produce a highly skilled but

John Lewis Is A Chain Of Retail Stores Marketing Essay

John Lewis Is A Chain Of Retail Stores Marketing Essay Introduction John Lewis is a chain of Retail stores, based in Great Britain. John Lewis opened its first opened its store in 1864 in Oxford Street, London. Never Unknowingly Unsold an altogether different concept in the market and offering to the customers holds a promise that the price of the products sold in John Lewis Stores will be the lowest in the neighborhood which even helped John Lewis to establish strongly in the British Market basically more amongst the middle class people. It has also been the motto and the slogan for the company for 76 years, since its establishment. A partner of John Lewis Partnership which even includes other stores like Waitrose, Greenbee. Every Employee who works at John Lewis is a partner in the company and is entitled to receive bonus out of the profits company earns yearly. With Currently 29 stores Countrywide(28 John Lewis Retail stores and 1 John Lewis at home store) 8 more stores are yet to come in next 5 years in the UK, one of them at the Olympic Site in Stratford, London. Several stores are also in the category of listed buildings because of the architectural designing, one of them being the flagship store at Oxford street, London John Lewis Opened its largest store outside London in Wales on 24th September2009 in Cardiff. With the efforts and the determination of the partners serving the customers with High Quality Goods and the best shopping experience, John Lewis has been able to reach the status of the Largest Retailer in the country. On 1st January2008 John Lewis Store at Oxford Street was awarded a Royal Warrant from Her Majesty the Queen for being a supplier of Haberdashery and household products. Stores in Reading and Berkshire were also awarded with Royal Warrant by Queen on 1st January2007 for being a supplier of household and fancy products. History John Lewis opened its first store as a small drapery shop at Oxford Street in 1864. John Lewis buys the control of Peter Jones in 1905 It was year 1918 when the first edition of Gazette was published, magazine by John Spedan Lewis. In 1920 John Spedan Lewis, Son of John Lewis incorporates John Lewis Partnership, which today has several companies including John Lewis, Waitrose( a chain of supermarkets offering food products) and Greenbee( offers Direct Services like Insurance etc) In 1933 John Lewis buys Jessops, well established store in Nottingham. First store outside London. In 1940 John Lewis also took over Selfridges Provincial stores. With the era of internet and connecting with world via internet, John Lewis launches its website in year 2001 allowing customers to shop online and getting products delivered at their door. Jessops rebrands itself as John Lewis in year 2002 Store in Caley shut its door for public in July 2006 John Lewis enters home Products too, opens up John Lewis at home shop in Poole, Dorset in year 2009,providng customers with wide range of products like Pillows, Duvets, Quilts. Attains the status of Largest Department Store Retailer in 2010. Goals and Objectives Goals and Objectives are important business terms, the two aspects which help a company to become what it wants to. Usually Goals and objectives are inter changed against each other, but practically they have really wide difference. Goal refers to what you aim to become, whereas objectives are the ways or steps to achieve those goals. To be the market leaders. John Lewis takes the competition to a new level to be UKs favorite retailer, from its Never knowingly undersold tagline to providing best customer service to conducting their business relations with integrity helps them to be UKs favorite retail house . Make sufficient profits from the operations to sustain commercial vitality. John Lewis does business with utmost care and low cost but never leaves quality, it has and will always maintain quality of its products, but the products are available at low and reasonable costs that the profits are high plus within the reach of middle class people, thus making it more famous and established amongst middle class of UK. Employee Satisfaction Every employee who works in John Lewis is a partner in the business. The profit is shared amongst the partners named as bonus, which motivates the employees to work harder being more focused and determined. An Individuals brilliance, determination and zeal to work which showers fruitful results are rewarded separately. John Lewis even supports the employees who are in real need of financial help etc. Customer Satisfaction John Lewis recruits only those people who know how to work with integrity, determination while abiding by the principles laid down, which helps John Lewis to provide customers with a different and homely shopping experience in their stores. The prices, quality and value of the goods is different from the other stores in the surroundings which helps in attracting more and more customers to their stores thus building a strong customer base and bond and even a brand image and goodwill for itself Strategic Planning Strategic planning is an integral process of an organization defining its strategies and direction and making decisions to allocate available resources to peruse laid strategies, which provides the organizations which a competitive edge over their competitors. Strategies formulated by John Lewis top level management are basically targeting at 3 core goals, they being:- Personal Satisfaction of the Employees Strong customer base, brand value and goodwill. Sufficient Profits yearly. Strategic planning included SWOT analysis, analysis done to analyze internal environment of the organization and to bring it at par with the external environment. SWOT stands for Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats It also includes PEST analysis which is done to examine the external factors affecting the business and how change in them will affect the business, which helps the organizations to be better prepared for those circumstances, PEST stands for Political Economic Social Technological SWOT ANALYSIS OF JOHN LEWIS Strengths John Lewis has a strong customer base, a brand image and goodwill which helped in becoming the UKs favorite retailer leaving behind its competitors like Debenhams, Marks and Spencers etc, which itself is strength of John Lewis. Each and every employee who works in John Lewis is a partner, be it a part time employee or a full time which entitles them to have share in profit. Bonus is given to the employees at the end of FY out of the profit it earns, which motivates them to work hard and achieve targets set for them which helps the organization inturn. It seems that John Lewis has placed itself well on the environmental and green issues too. For eg:-The fair trade policy it follows with the producers the products in Africa. This helps in making themselves a positive brand in the eyes of customers and environmental activists. Being a part of John Lewis Partnership it is under the scanner of extremely experienced management team of John Lewis Plc and of its own. Weakness Unlike the expansion policy TESCO follows, John Lewis serves only the UK market thus restricting itself to UK customers. If a problem arises in food retailing sector, it will be difficult for John Lewis to cope up. Lack of flexibility for the employees. Opportunities Increasing online sales can be an opportunity because the company will get good returns as the website related cost is nothing as compared to online sales cost. The new store coming up at Olympic site in Stratford will cater to the Olympic fans, as John Lewis is the official sponsor to Olympic games and the official license holder to sale Olympic merchandize John Lewis will open its store in Dublin, which will help them to reach customers in Ireland thus expanding the business. Threats Customers might respond to new brand, John Lewis, in the country in a different manner from UK, even because of John lewis being a British brand. Various other small brands whose price cap matches with that of John Lewis can be a threat. Flexibility lacking in the working can be a threat to John Lewis, as the GREENBLOODED nature of the management at times can make employees frustrated. PEST ANALYSIS Political Factors Globalization, can prove to be a challenge plus an opportunity for John Lewis. Challenge as it will have to compete with Retail stores from round the globe who would even be providing the customers with better services and products better than John Lewis. Globalization can prove to be an opportunity as it will allow establishing themselves anywhere round the globe. Government taxation policy can reduce or increase the profit margin on products and services. -For example:- If the Corporation tax increases to let say 30% from 20% then John Lewis will have to pay more of taxes which will inturn decrease the profit Economic Factors, If the credit availment terms in the country are flexible, then availing credit will get easier from financial institutions which will help John Lewis to expand and grow even more. Along with economic conditions, bank policies play an important role in affecting the purchasing power of the consumers, better and flexible the bank policy and economic scenario healthy, purchasing power increases which in turn will increase sales of John Lewis, which will increase the profit percentage. With more and more competition in every segment from competitors like Debenhams, Marks and Spencers John Lewis management keeps on coming up with different types of marketing techniques , giving more and more of incentive to the customers; affecting prices , resulting in the less profit. Social Analysis. Things have changed a lot from the previous times, people dont like standing in the queues, they prefer buying stuff online and getting the delivery at home. People even prefer billing themselves via self billing kiosks. Today to become more successful and profitable innovation and proper marketing has become the key. Consumers in the market have become aware about the Global climate problems; they are inclined towards companies who keep a check on carbon foot print are Green in there working in every aspect. Technological Analysis RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Device) technology can be used for significant benefits to the supply chain of Sainsburys. If adopted, this technology will lead to fewer inventories for the supermarket firms leading to a leaner, more profitable organization. Stores shall be technological advanced, usage of best quality Tills, ePOS systems ,ERP systems for managing the company in an effective and efficient manner. Conclusion Through this piece it can be seen through the various analyses, PEST and SWOT, that John Lewis is an iconic British Retail brand, well loved by its consumers. It had been bearing losses in most of the quarters in the financial year when recession stuck the world but now importantly profits, have improved tremendously. However, it is not insulated to many outside risks like rising material costs and recession as analysed by PEST analysis. Keeping in view the external and internal environment John Lewis has even planned to open it stores across the globe with first international store set to open in Dublin, Ireland. Strategies Goals Purpose Power Profit Member Customers Business Relations Community

1996: A Turbulent Year For Israel :: essays research papers

1996: A Turbulent Year for Israel 1996 has been a very turbulent year for Israel. This lies in the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin on November 4, 1995. Rabin's great work in the peace process with it's Arab neighbors has been nearly reversed by Israel's newly elected Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, who actively opposed the peace process in the election. Netanyahu's term of service has not only affected Israel politically but also socially, intellectually, religiously, and economically. In dealing with Yasser Arafat and the Palestinians Netanyahu was originally quoted saying that he would only meet with Arafat under special circumstances and that, "the era of one-sided giving was over." Warren Christopher, Secretary of State for the U.S., was able to arrange a peace conference with Arafat on the Gaza border. One article called it a , "Psychological breakthrough" (Netanyahu meets with Clinton). The issues at hand were Israel fulfilling it's pledge to the Palestinians to redeploy it's troops stationed in the West Bank town of Hebron so that they will only guard the 440 Jews who live there, from the tens of thousands of Palestinians. Also at issue were the exit permits given to Palestinians allowing them to go from there jobs in Israel to there homes in Gaza and the and the West Bank. That leads to another issue over whether or not a rail link between Gaza and the West Bank should be formed. The major problem with that would be the cost. In the next round of Israeli-PLO peace talks, both sides could not reach a compromise and after four hours talks failed. To complicate matters further 3,000 houses were approved to be built in the West Bank by the Israeli government. "Peace Now spokesman", Alon Arnon, called the housing, "A final burial of the hope of peace." (West Bank Settlement Approved) Netanyahu also ended the month by opening a tunnel to Muslim and Jewish Holy sites that resulted in bloody riots that killed 76 people. The month of October cooled down a bit with an ice breaking summit in Washington. Netanyahu returned with a change in attitude calling Arafat a person whom he could resolve problems with. But aside from his change in demeanor no substantial agreements were made. In November Israel went on high alert in fear of an attack planned to disrupt the peace process, possibly on the one year anniversary of the Jihad's leader Fathi Shakaki. Again the peace effort was thrown back when the Israeli government announced plans to double the number of Jewish settlers in the West Bank. At one point Netanyahu asked the U. 1996: A Turbulent Year For Israel :: essays research papers 1996: A Turbulent Year for Israel 1996 has been a very turbulent year for Israel. This lies in the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin on November 4, 1995. Rabin's great work in the peace process with it's Arab neighbors has been nearly reversed by Israel's newly elected Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, who actively opposed the peace process in the election. Netanyahu's term of service has not only affected Israel politically but also socially, intellectually, religiously, and economically. In dealing with Yasser Arafat and the Palestinians Netanyahu was originally quoted saying that he would only meet with Arafat under special circumstances and that, "the era of one-sided giving was over." Warren Christopher, Secretary of State for the U.S., was able to arrange a peace conference with Arafat on the Gaza border. One article called it a , "Psychological breakthrough" (Netanyahu meets with Clinton). The issues at hand were Israel fulfilling it's pledge to the Palestinians to redeploy it's troops stationed in the West Bank town of Hebron so that they will only guard the 440 Jews who live there, from the tens of thousands of Palestinians. Also at issue were the exit permits given to Palestinians allowing them to go from there jobs in Israel to there homes in Gaza and the and the West Bank. That leads to another issue over whether or not a rail link between Gaza and the West Bank should be formed. The major problem with that would be the cost. In the next round of Israeli-PLO peace talks, both sides could not reach a compromise and after four hours talks failed. To complicate matters further 3,000 houses were approved to be built in the West Bank by the Israeli government. "Peace Now spokesman", Alon Arnon, called the housing, "A final burial of the hope of peace." (West Bank Settlement Approved) Netanyahu also ended the month by opening a tunnel to Muslim and Jewish Holy sites that resulted in bloody riots that killed 76 people. The month of October cooled down a bit with an ice breaking summit in Washington. Netanyahu returned with a change in attitude calling Arafat a person whom he could resolve problems with. But aside from his change in demeanor no substantial agreements were made. In November Israel went on high alert in fear of an attack planned to disrupt the peace process, possibly on the one year anniversary of the Jihad's leader Fathi Shakaki. Again the peace effort was thrown back when the Israeli government announced plans to double the number of Jewish settlers in the West Bank. At one point Netanyahu asked the U.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 4

The Worst Ending Imaginable Knowing that Nikki does a big unit on Hemingway every year, I ask for one of Hemingway's better novels. â€Å"One with a love story if possible, because I really need to study love – so I can be a better husband when Nikki comes back,† I tell Mom. When Mom returns from the library, she says that the librarian claims A Farewell to Arms is Hemingway's best love story. So I eagerly crack open the book and can feel myself getting smarter as I turn the first few pages. As I read, I look for quotable lines so I can â€Å"drop knowledge† the next time Nikki and I are out with her literary friends – so I can say to that glasses-wearing Phillip, â€Å"Would an illiterate buffoon know this line?† And then I will drop some Hemingway, real suave. But the novel is nothing but a trick. The whole time, you root for the narrator to survive the war and then for him to have a nice life with Catherine Barkley. He does survive all sorts of dangers – even getting blown up – and finally escapes to Switzerland with the pregnant Catherine, whom he loves so much. They live in the mountains for a time, in love and living a good life. Hemingway should have ended there, because that was the silver lining these people deserved after struggling to survive the gloomy war. But no. Instead he thinks up the worst ending imaginable: Hemingway has Catherine die from hemorrhaging after their child is stillborn. It is the most torturous ending I have ever experienced and probably will ever experience in literature, movies, or even television. I am crying so hard at the end, partly for the characters, yes, but also because Nikki actually teaches this book to children. I cannot imagine why anyone would want to expose impressionable teenagers to such a horrible ending. Why not just tell high school students that their struggle to improve themselves is all for nothing? I have to admit that for the first time since apart time began, I am mad at Nikki for teaching such pessimism in her classroom. I will not be quoting Hemingway anytime soon, nor will I ever read another one of his books. And if he were still alive, I would write him a letter right now and threaten to strangle him dead with my bare hands just for being so glum. No wonder he put a gun to his head, like it says in the introductory essay.

Berger Paints Bangladesh

The company has been successfully maintaining Its position by developing the quality of the products, adding new features to the products and also by launching new products in the different segments of the paint and Its peripherals. In this pursuit sales management of Berger wants to know evaluate marketing strategy whether there Is scope of improvement. For this they firstly wanted to explore their sales volume/revenue with comparison to marketing effort.They also wanted to know consumer Insight about the marketing communication run by the marketing team. The successful completion of MBA also requires an internship project to be conducted in the attachment of a company. In response to the request of IBA authority Berger management assigned me the Job to study marketing strategy and also to know consumer insight about Berger. 1. 2 Scope of the Report This is a descriptive study. The study will focus on the following things: Functions of Marketing Department of Berger Paints Banglades h Functions of Sales TeamPromotional activities of Berger Paints Bangladesh Analysis of sales growth of Berger Paints Bangladesh Consumer insight about marketing activities of Berger Paints Bangladesh 1. 3 Objective Broad Objective To analyze the marketing strategies of Berger Paints Bangladesh Ltd. Specific Objectives To obtain an overall view of Berger Paints Bangladesh Limited. To explore information about the market position To evaluate the marketing strategy of Berger Paints Bangladesh Limited To analyze sales growth of Berger Paints Bangladesh Ltd In financial terms To recommend mprovement of marketing strategy if required.This is an analytical report endeavoring to explore the marketing strategy of Berger Paints Bangladesh Ltd. The information used is mostly primary and a little part is secondary information. Primary information has been collected through semi structured interviews mostly with probing questions to explore the real and required scenario. The Judgment sampling is used because there was no scope to travel throughout Bangladesh and the work had to be done within the area of Dhaka city. As a result Judgment is used to get the best possible picture of the market.So the primary and secondary sources of information are: The primary sources are: Face to face conversations with the officers of marketing department and sales team. Relevant file study as provided by the concerned officers. Survey on the customers of Berger Paints Bangladesh Limited. Dealers of Berger Paints Bangladesh Limited The secondary sources are: Annual Reports of Berger Paints Bangladesh Ltd. Different circulars issued by the management of Berger Paints Bangladesh Ltd Berger Paints Bangladesh Ltd's website.Brochures and web sites of different paint companies. 1. 5 Literature Review Marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its (always limited) resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive a dvantage. Marketing strategy is most effective when it is an integral component of corporate strategy, defining how the organization will engage customers, prospects and the competition in the market arena for success. A marketing strategy also serves as the foundation of a marketing plan.A marketing plan contains a set of specific actions required to successfully implement a marketing strategy. For example: â€Å"Use of a low cost product to attract consumers. Once an organization, via its low cost product, has established a relationship with consumers, the organization will sell additional, higher-margin products and services that enhance the consumer's interaction with the low-cost product or service. † A strategy consists of well thought out series of tactics. Without a sound marketing strategy, a marketing plan has no foundation.Marketing strategies serve as the fundamental underpinning of marketing plans designed to reach marketing objectives. It is important that these objectives have measurable results. olicies, and action sequences (tactics) into a cohesive whole. Many companies cascade a strategy throughout an organization, by creating strategy tactics that then become strategy goals for the next level or group. Each group is expected to take that strategy goal and develop a set of tactics to achieve that goal. This is why it is important to make each strategy goal measurable.So to evaluate the marketing strategy a simple tool is to relate the sales volume of the organization under study. The measurement also includes the long term impact of marketing strategy on consumers in their buying habits. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ Marketing_strategy) 1. 6 Report Preview Introduction to the report, objective, methodology has been given in the first chapter. The information on the paint industry and the company Berger Paints Bangladesh Limited is given in the second and third chapter. The findings and analysis part of the study is in the fourth cha pter.The conclusion is given in the fifth chapter and recommendation in the sixth chapter. 1. 7 Limitation The study faces some limitations in the process of collecting information and also in representing the scenario. These are: Due to the resource constraint the research has been done by Judgmental sampling and is limited within the Dhaka city. Though it covers the main and major dealers, still the market of semi urban and rural part may not be reflected properly. Because of organizational restriction, no name and details of the status of classified information could be revealed.However a good number of local paint manufacturing companies (40 organized and at least 50 more in the informal sector) have been operating in this small market. Quite a few of these companies are producing paints of internationally of the local paint companies is double the present local market demand. The paint market is still mostly concentrated in the urban areas naturally because the number of constr uctions and surface areas are in huge number in the urban side. Urban side contributes almost 80% of the national paint market. But companies are trying to penetrate the semi urban and rural market through the economy paints.Contribution of Urban, Semi-urban and Rural Market in 2006 is shown in the following fgure: Figure 1 : Geographical Market Size (Source: Berger Sales and Marketing Team) The paint industry can be broadly categorized into four segments: Decorative, Industrial, Marine and Automotive paints. Industrial paints are basically specially produced paints, which are used in two ways. Industrial paint is being used in some industries as the raw materials which are the regular consumer of such paints. The segment uses such paint for the protective and maintenance purpose.Marine paints are produced specially for the river and sea going vessels and the automotive paints are being used in the automobile sector. All the rest fall in the decorative category. It covers all the pa ints for the exterior and the interior surfaces of plaster, metal and wood. This is the biggest segment of the paint industry. The category wise existing market condition is given in the following table: Table 2: Category wise paint market size in 2006 (Source: Berger Sales and Marketing Team) The Table shows that decorative paint segment is enjoying almost 81% of the market.The rest is being divided among all the others. It means that still decorative is the main segment for the paint companies to operate successfully. The second significant segment is the Industrial segment. But the marine segment is having growth now a days. The following figure shows the segmentations of total paint market on the basis of the value in Bangladesh. Figure 2: Segments of Paint market (Source: Berger Sales and Marketing Team) The projected broad category wise market size for 2007 is as follows: Category Value in crore (Tk) Decorative 550 12. Industrial 55 1. 03 Marine 32 0. 71 Total 630-650 14. 04 T able 3: Projected Market Size 2007 (Source: Berger Sales and Marketing Team) The Table shows that Decorative segment is projected to enjoy the highest growth of 8. 75% from 2006. The Marine segment is also projected as a significant segment from the growth perspective. In this sector the projected growth is almost 8. 51%. The Industrial segment's projected growth is around 6. 8%. The total growth of the paint market from 2006 to 2007 8. 51%.The decorative paint market can be categorized into three segments based on the ingredients used in the production process: solvent based paints, water based paints and cement paints. The solvent based category includes gloss coatings, varnishes, primers and others and the water based paint category includes distemper, interior as well as exterior emulsions. The detail category wise contribution of the major decorative paints in 2006 is given below.

A-Bomb essays

A-Bomb essays World War II was a long and painful experience for all the countries involved. The European side of the war had come to a close, and now the US and their allies were forced to make a decision that would change the course of history forever. The world had known for years that nuclear fission had monstrous potential. That the dropping of one bomb could potentially wipe out a city or perhaps do absolutely nothing at all. The United States had numerous reasons to drop the bomb whether it was politically, militarily, or economically. The United States had a decision to make with only two options both would cause the deaths of hundreds of thousands of men and women. The only question was in what area did they have more to loose? In the 1930s the US was in a period of isolation, they wanted to avoid war at all costs. They were in a deep depression and concerned only about the welfare of its own citizens. When Japan began to attack Asia in an effort to unite all Asians, it did not entirely concern the American public. Japan began to move throughout Asia taking over Asian speaking lands. The Americans tried a few tricks to try and discourage these activities, the placed embargos on Japan and they gave some assistance to China, but other than that the Americans did not overly involve themselves in Asias affairs. So when Japan sunk the Panay, Americans settled for nothing more than an apology. Japan took this as a sign of weakness and being a paper tiger. This eventually lead Japan to the conclusion that they could attack Pearl Harbor and get away with it. They underestimated the will of the Americans and the strength of the public to overcome adversity. So when Japan attacked the United States on December 7, 1941, they awoke a sleeping giant and aroused a fury that could not be tamed. When the United States entered World War II, they had an obligation to help the allies fighting in Europe, but their main concern was the Paci...

Argument Analyis of Racist Speech

Argument Analyis of Racist Speech Personal view In his writing titled ‘on racist speech’, Charles. R. Lawrence III clearly portrays himself as a dissenter probably setting the tone for his argument. It is indeed clear that Lawrence’s opening remarks already indicate the contentious issue at hand. As a renowned scholar, Lawrence addresses racist speech especially within the university and campus environment. There is no doubt that racism is the catalyst for racist speech that is; a conspicuous but silent issue as Lawrence puts it on college and university campus.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Argument Analyis of Racist Speech specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Racist speech on campus There is another angle to which Lawrence connotes racist speech. In introducing the rights as enshrined in the constitution, Lawrence’s intention is an attempt to qualify racist speech as a tenet within the constitution which guarantees freedom of speech. In his opening remarks, Lawrence proudly describes himself as a dissenter yet a consumer of the first amendment which also legally qualifies and legalizes his argument. However, as Lawrence advances in his argument â€Å"the problem has been framed as one in which the liberty of free speech is in conflict with the elimination of racist speech† (61). It is indeed evident as the writing advances on that, the law and scholar contributions have so far been ineffective in providing protection to blacks and other minorities; as guaranteed in the constitution. A case of segregated education system is the point of reference by Lawrence and the Brown versus Board of education case is used by Lawrence to amplify the conflict that exists between the first amendment and the racist speech. Lawrence’s opinion is that, the constitution remains lenient in as far as racist speech is concerned. The contention as Lawrence asserts is that on one hand â€Å"we understand the ne cessity of eliminating the system of signs and symbols that signal inferiority of blacks †¦ proclaiming that all racist speech that stops short of physical violence must be defended†(62). The tug of war in Lawrence’s mind is even clearer in his assertion that, â€Å"the Supreme court has held that words which ‘by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of peace’ are not prohibited by the first amendment† (62). However, on the other hand the first amendment gives leeway to colossal amount of speech which includes racist speech. While the case of Brown versus Board of Education on segregated system of education is worth revisiting. Lawrence points out that, â€Å"courts have held that offensive speech may not be regulated in public forums† (62). Ironically the effect this has for example on the university campus is that minorities or blacks will confine themselves to common rooms or locations where they do not encounter racist speech. However, this silently promotes segregation on ground of race where one will now go to common rooms with people of the same race or minorities on campus.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lawrence’s dilemma advances is based on â€Å"commonly advanced argument against the regulation of racist speech†¦we recognize that minority groups suffer pain and injury as a result of racist speech but we must allow this hate mongering for the benefit of the society as a whole† (63). In his strongest assertion yet in this argument, Lawrence concurs that â€Å"there can be no meaningful discussion of how we should reconcile our commitment of equality and our commitment to free speech until it is acknowledged that there is a real harm inflicted by racist speech† (64). As far as it goes, there is a delicate balance between first amendment a nd racist speech as Lawrence puts it. On the surface racist speech has far reaching detriment to the society and its promotion in the name of upholding the first amendment is a great irony. Albeit freedom of speech is upheld constitutionally, tenets within the same law appear conflicting and therefore the racist speech issue remains far from over. It is without a doubt that policy makers at the university level continue to grumble with this issue. However, the skew that results from the interpretation of the law invokes in Lawrence’s mind the need to â€Å"strike a balance against the regulation of racist speech† (64). The understanding here is that, the cost of this balance should not be borne by a few as it presently is the case. Conclusion The argument that racist speech should be handled in light with the first amendment leaves a lot at stake. Charles Lawrence has ingeniously considered this issue at the university and campus level though it generally covers the wh ole fabric of the society. The initial conclusion to draw from this argument is that; racist speech will remain an emotive issue until a critical analysis of the present law is undertaken and amendments made. Lawrence proposes a dissenting stand to start with. This will be achieved through resistance of government regulation on speech.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Argument Analyis of Racist Speech specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a reader I am fully persuaded that Lawrence’s argument was correct. This argument provokes a clear conclusion and also encourages everybody to re-think how democratic space has been used to ironically advance inequality. Work Cited Lawrence, Charles. The debate over placing limits on racist speech must ignore the damage it does to victims. Chronicles of Higher Education. Chroninicles, 1989. Web.

Advertising, Social and Economic Costs and Benefits Essay Example for Free

Advertising, Social and Economic Costs and Benefits Essay ? Tesco is in private sector, but it is a PLC, a public limited company, this is an international business, also it is in primary. Tesco is doing service by providing food to its customers. Tesco exist, so people can buy food, they do their own products also, this company exists for making profit. Tesco makes profit by selling its products or making deliveries to customers. Tesco is trying to achieve , to be the best company Our vision is for Tesco to be most highly valued by the customers we serve, the communities in which we operate, our loyal and committed staff and our shareholders; to be a growth company; a modern and innovative company and winning locally, applying our skills globally. Tesco is a global business. Tesco is a public limited company (PLC) this means that the owners of Tesco are the shareholder. North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service- This is a public sector organization, it doesn’t make profit, because it’s service costs more than the amount of money people pay them for fire. This organization exist so when the people have fire or extreme situations they call fire and rescue service and they help them. In 2004 North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Authority developed a new focused Vision to reflect their broader function within the modernisation agenda. â€Å"Over the 10 years to 2014, in North Yorkshire and the City of York, 125 more people will still be alive through the work of the new Fire and Rescue Service. This will be due to the Service having significantly reduced the likelihood and severity of fire and other emergencies. We will achieve this through the dedication of our staff working in partnership with other agencies in the community†. This is a local company because it is North Yorkshire. Simply summarised as – The term â€Å"125 Alive† captures the Authority’s Vision in one simple phrase. It means that 125 people who might otherwise have died in an accident will be alive because of preventative action taken by the Fire and Rescue Service working in partnership with other agencies. The target will be achieved by a steady reduction year on year in fatalities in road traffic collisions and fires. The aims and objectives of this organization are to help people to rescue them away from dangerous things, and also to remove the fire away, so the people will be in safe. They are trying their best , so they will be the best from their competitors. P2 â€Å"describe the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of two contrasting organisations† M1 â€Å"explain the points of view from different stakeholders seeking to influence the strategic aims and objectives of two contrasting organisations† Stakeholders: A person, group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organization’s actions, objectives, and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources. Stakeholder Grouping| Interest| Tesco PLC| NY Fire & Rescue Service| Consumers/customers| They want high quality, value for money products. Customers often identify with the brands they buy. They like to see improvements that give them better value for money. | People who want to buy high quality food or other staff| This are the local people in the local area who wants to take the fire out| Employees/workers| The company provides them with a salary/money to live (a livelihood). They seek security, promotion opportunities, job satisfaction and rewards. | This are the workers in the stores, they are interested in security| This are the firemen, their job is to rescue people and to remove the fire for safety. | Suppliers| They want steady orders and payment for supplying stock. They also want to feel valued. People which supply different staff like water, food, drinks etc. They do it because they are sure that Tesco Is a successful business and if they are successful so they have a lot of profit , and suppliers are sure in Tesco and they have more orders cause Tesco has more customers| People, who supply the equipment, like the extinguishers. | Owners| They may be a sole trader or in a partnership. In a company it would be the shareholders. Often thought to be the most important stakeholder. They see themselves as the principal risk taker. They want to see share of profit increasing and the value of the business rising. So the owner of Tesco is the shareholders, they are interested in success of their business, they want Tesco to be the best, as every shareholder does. | The government is the owner of the NYFRS. The government wants to succeed this organization in their job, so people will be in safe. | Trade Unions| They represent the views of the employees of the business. They want higher wages and better conditions. | They want Tesco to be successful, because if Tesco is successful, so workers conditions will be better, because this stakeholder is interested in employees comfort and life. They are interested in firemen success and conditions, wages etc. So if firemen start to rescue people or removing fire more and more, so they could get salary and this is good for Trade Union, this is what they want. | Employer Associations| They are the employer’s equivalent of the TU. They represent the employer’s interests in specific associations. | Basically this stakeholder is equivalent Trade Union, they have quite the same interests, they also take care about the workers, but in specific way. | They are looking for the comfort of the firemen, in specific associations. Local communities| The actions of businesses can have a big effect on communities around them. They want improved facilities and provision of jobs. | Local communities wants Tesco to be considerate about the people who live nearby, considerate about the emotions and feelings. | This are the people who live near by the fire rescue service base, so when they have an emergency call they start to drive fast and a lot of noise etc. People want them to be considerate about them and to think about them, that people could be sleeping now, or doing something different when they can’t be disturbed. Governments| They want successful organisations which contribute to economic growth and provide jobs and tax revenue. They also like businesses that contribute towards the welfare of the country’s society. | Government wants Tesco to succeed, so the economy of the country would improve more and more, and more employees would be needed as the company will grow, so less unemployed people would be. | The government wants to succeed this organization in their job, so people will be in safe, and the country’s level of popularity would increase. Tesco: 1) Owners 2) Workers 3) Supplies 4) Customers 5) Government NYFRS: 1) Government 2) Workers 3) Suppliers 4) Customers 5) Local communities D1 â€Å"Evaluate the influence different stakeholders exert in ONE organization Tesco: 1) Directors – To be as strong in everything we sell as we are in food Directors are the stakeholders which have the most influence of the Tesco, because they can do everything what they want with the business, because it is theirs. They have ultimate control and power. If they want for example they can change the name from â€Å"Tesco† to something else etc. 2) Workers- To build our team so that we create more value Workers are the second most influence stakeholders in Tesco. This is because if there is no workers so the business can’t grow at all and it will fail, no workers, means no job done. But also if the workers would leave the Tesco, it is not such a big problem, because â€Å"Tesco† is well known successful business, and a lot of employees want to work for them. 3) Customers- To grow the UK core Customers are 3rd important stakeholders which have influence on Tesco. So if there would not be customers the business would not be able to make profit at all, so customers are also really important part of each business. If the Tesco loses the customers , so they will go to theirs opponent businesses, such as â€Å"Asda† and â€Å"Sainsbury’s†, and this could be because their would be not enough workers, or the customer service would be at low level. 4) Suppliers- To put our responsibilities to the communities we serve at the heart of what we do. Suppliers are last important stakeholders with influence on Tesco, because if the suppliers wont supply any products so Tesco would have to use its own products, but that wouldn’t make a lot of profit, and won’t be sustainable. If â€Å"Tesco† loses the suppliers, it is not a problem, because there are a lot of suppliers which are free and waiting for their chance, but if the suppliers were too good, this would be sad. P3 â€Å"Describe how two businesses are organised† TESCO: Span of control: The number of subordinates that a manager or supervisorcan directly control. This number varies with the type ofwork: complex, variable work reduces it to six, whereasroutine, fixed work increases it to twenty or more. Chain of Command: The  order  in which  authority  and  power  in an  organization  is wielded and delegated from  top management  to every employee  at every  level  of the organization. Instructions flow downward along the chain of command and accountability  flows  upward. The chart shows that Tesco has a different level of workers in its organization. These shows the mangers and members, whom they control. The managers take responsibility of what their assistants do. Manager of one job can’t control the assistants of other job manager, so everything is equal. The boss of everyone is the store director, after him is regional manager as you can see, and later is the store manager, and only than other managers of different jobs, and on the bottom of the chart are all of the assistants of all of the mangers. So in Tesco and in all other businesses the member of the working team can’t control anyone above him, or anyone or the same line, he can control only the people who are under him. It is very hard to control big organization. So, it will be better to break the organization into smaller parts. There are 4 main ways of breaking a business down into smaller sections: 1) By Function- What is the sense of each section? 2) By Location- Where is the section situated on the map? 3) By Product- Which service does the section belong to? 4) By Process- A customer staying approached on the other customers who are interested in Tesco. There are 2 main types of organizational structure: 1) Tall 2) Flat The difference between this two is that tall has more levels than flat , however in Flat Mangers there are wider span of control. . So, we can say that Tesco has Tall structure, because in Tesco’s Organizational Chart has a lot of levels. North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service: It is really hard to understand who is who, who is controlling whom, the table is a bit messy, and so I created a better one for you: But on Structure of Commission we can see that Director General has two lines. First, is that he should control 3 Directors, Corporate and Forestry, Central Services (HR, IT, Finance), Business Units, Forest Research. The North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service is looking so different comparing to Tesco’s. . In Forestry Commission General Director works with more employees, however in Tesco Director works just with managers. But The North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service’s type of organizational structure is Tall, because it has many lines. And Forestry Commission is organization by Location, because they are separated on different locations, they have 3 directs in same country. Task 2 1) Finance addresses the ways in which individuals, business entities and other organizations allocate and use monetary resources over time. It helps Tesco with finance. 2) Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. ) The act or process or producing, bringing forth, or exhibiting to view; as, the production of commodities, of a witness. That which is produced, yielded, or made, whether naturally, or by the application of intelligence and labor; as, the productions of the earth; the productions of handicraft; the productions of intellect or genius. 4) Customer S ervice is the commitment to providing value added services to external and internal customers, including attitude knowledge, technical support and quality of service in a timely manner 5) Sales- Total dollar amount collected for goods and services provided. While payment is not necessary for recognition of sales on company financial statements, there are strict accounting guidelines stating when sales can be recognized. The basic principle is that a sale can only be recognized when the transaction is already realized, or can be quite easily realized. This means that the company should have already received a payment, or the chances of receiving a payment are high. In addition, delivery of the good or service should have taken place for the sale to be recognized. ) Human resources- is a term used to describe the individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals. Task 3 I will tell now, what makes Tesco and Forestry Commission similar an d what makes them different. Firstly, they both have General Director, and he has helpers. But in Forestry Commission General Director has more employees (they are: 3 directors and other staff members), however in Tesco, Director has just one helper. Secondly, this two organizations have two different, smaller parts. Tesco has broken down on process and North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service by Location. Last thing which I want to say is that, they have the same type of organization – it’s â€Å"Tall†. They have many levels and lines, which helps them to control their business. P4 â€Å"explain how their style and organization helps them to fulfill their purpose† Advertising, Social and Economic Costs and Benefits. (2018, Nov 09).

Propaganda and British Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Propaganda and British Cinema - Essay Example It mostly applies to the human sense of sight. British film descended from French Lumiere brothers in 1892 and their first show was in 1896.The first moving picture was in 1889.The founder and the leader of documentary movement was John Grierson.He had the believe that film and documentary film could make a significant impact in the society by providing an effective medium between the state and the public. The government used the authors and actors of films to execute its propaganda agenda. J and Church -Gibson (1995) During Second World War, Movies were mainly used to promote the popular image of the nation and emphasize on patriotism. These films were about people affected by the war and the effect of war in the society. The Second World War pushed the issue related with censorship to the periphery and this led to direct intervention of the government. The movies at this period combined propaganda on behalf of war effort with dramatic action, romance and other features of entertainment movies. Adler, A. Jay (2004) In the mid nineteen hundred and twenties British cinema was loosing to the Hollywood. There was also war propaganda which was depicted by these movies. Propaganda is highly practical since it is both hidden and clear. Propaganda can be good or can be bad, democratic or totalitarian. Aldgate Anthony (1994) The cinema emerged as one of mass entertainment which had great acceptance among the population. Movies developed from a less developed entity to an important mean of communication, entertainment and mass production. Motion pictures films have significantly contributed in art, politics and technology in twentieth century. J and Church Gibson (1995) The production of the cinema was cheap and quick and the aim was to achieve the quota of twenty percent of screen space in Britain to be reserved to English film production. The first English sound tape was produced in 1929 by Hitchcock .Hitchcock was an artist who has experienced great Germany expressionism. He designed each stage including the minute detail which enhanced forcing of the intensity on the screen. The details included the scenery, music, soundtrack, actors and other obligatory. It so gracefully united horrifying, absurd and the idealistic features in such pictures. In 1940 he was awarded an Oscar award as the best picture of the year in the movie "Rebecca." Aldgate Anthony (1994) The cinema has socially and sensitively reflected many major events which are global historical changes that occurred in the 20th century. These changes include noteworthy events that included fall of empires which led to change in direction of historical and cultural development at the end of 19th century. This proves that the development of a society in connection with art rises develops and falls. J and Church -Gibson (1995) The histories of the twentieth century led to the change in attitude of the people and nations which led to the development of the influential art of cinema. Cinema was the most dynamical art since it embodied the development of Grand National awareness in the state. There is a connection of a propaganda literature of the Great Britain and its reflection in the cinema. Adler, A. Jay (2004) The imperialism theme researches of English cinema starts during the fall of the empires and beginning of the struggling of the public of developing countries. It is in 1960s that a margin of great importance is formed in

Movie Theaters and Digital Distribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Movie Theaters and Digital Distribution - Essay Example The technology boom has advantages and challenges. It is up to the industry to get its act together to make best use of the opportunities. It is no use blaming anyone including technology and competition for plunging fortunes. Innovations and internet is making inroads deep inside domains hitherto impenetrable. People, the young generation in particular, are taking advantage. But this need not lead anyone to press the panic button. A good look at causes for decline in business proves that it is not due to technological advances but rather in spite of it. The problem lies elsewhere. It could be any one or more than one of the reasons. It could be technology, piracy, lethargy, obsolescence, or just plain stupidity. Whatever it is, research proves that it is manageable. The opportunities are immense. The younger generation is reaping it. It is not their fault if established markets have failed to appropriate their share. (The Future of Music+Technology, and Online Music). The rapid growth of entertainment and media technology has clearly rattled the relevant industries of music, movies and information. Suddenly everyone is talking in terms of the Digital Rights Management (DRM) as if it is the panacea to all the ailments. The DRM is helpful in curbing piracy and even competition. But what happens if the content of the music and the movie fails to inspire Will the DRM claim responsibility Can any amount of piracy wreck the bond between Michael Jackson and his fans If Enrique Iglesias makes an appeal not to encourage piracy, it will be interesting to get feedback of how many fans oblige. It is all very well to talk about security, legal protection, strong infrastructure, good network, and so on. Entertainment and media is facing real challenges from the digital revolution. The best way to face these challenges is by using factors both technical as well as emotional. There are many ways to maintain good customer relations and balance sheet. Every customer is not a pirate. (Blake White). Theatre owners are changing over to multiplexes in a big way in order to lure viewers. This is an external factor and a good one! However, it is equally important to adequately update and organize internal factors such as viewer satisfaction, added values such as better seat arrangement, sensibilities, hospitality, comforts, and so on. Movie goers no longer visit theatres to only watch films. They want more value for their money. Pirates or Demons I think the issue of home theatre, piracy and online distribution is being overblown. Going through statistics and observations, one cannot but agree that the problem exists. But not in the proportion it is being made out to be. Where there is a will there is a way. The Southeast Asian nations have proved it. Malaysia saw piracy drop from 95% to 65%. (Kristen Bole). If every country in the world displayed similar resolute purpose, piracy could be curbed to a very great extent. The revolution in communication and media industries has impacted every industry. Those who survived are the ones who reviewed the situation, prepared for the changes

Human rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human rights - Research Paper Example The essay is about the critical evaluation of the short story of children of the sea by Edwidge Danticat, who was born in 1969 in the Haiti’s capital. She had the hands on experience of most of the events she mentioned in her different stories. Danticat’s parents left her in Haiti four years after her birth and immigrated to USA. She spends 12 years of her life in Port-au-Prince. In 1981, she went to USA. She felt herself like an alien and in order to break her loneliness she started writing. Her writings started from the memories of her homeland i.e. Port-au-Prince, Haiti. By the time she reached her teenage she realized her quality of writing and started to write Novels. Her work was first published in 1994 with the name of Breath, Eyes and Memory. Her parents tried to make her nurse but after her graduation from a specialized high school she was more inclined towards the writings. Her first published novels i.e. breath, Eyes & Memory, were also served as her Masterâ €™s dissertations and were highly acclaimed by critics. The acclamation also includes Children of the Sea. It was published in 1995. Her collection of the novels and stories were nominated for the National Book Award. The following year Edwidge Danticat was named as the best Young American Novelist by the magazine named as Granta. She lives in the New York City and has become the teacher of creative writing (Boynton and Malin). The story is about the boat on which a revolutionary guy who was on a small boat that set sail for Miami. The young man belonged to Haiti, and he was a university student. Since his university period he became the religionist against the dictator in Haiti. As a result of his revolutionary activities in Haiti against the dictator of the time, the secret police named as Tonton Macoutes raid on his group. The young guy had to be exiled from the Haiti because Haitian Government wanted him. The young man had a girlfriend in his

Where does the law apply and the legal position in different Term Paper

Where does the law apply and the legal position in different organizations - Term Paper Example Property law deals with acquisition, ownership and disposal of both movable and immovable property. Private law is a branch of the legal system which regulations relationships and duties that individuals owe to each other (Weinrib, 1995). Some of the branches of private law include commercial law that deals with business contracts and other legally binding contracts between individuals. Tort law is another branch of private law that deals with civil wrongs which are independent of contracts such as negligence and defamation committed to other individuals. Family law is another aspect of private law that covers domestic relations like marriage, adoption and divorce (Weinrib, 1995). Labor law is another branch of private law that is interested in solving employment disputes such as collective bargaining agreement issues, dismissals and redundancy. Private law also includes property law that deals with the acquisition and disposal of property such as real estate property and the rights of individuals to the individuals (Weinrib, 1995). Inheritance and succession law deals with inheri tance of property and wills. Private international law is also part of this branch of the legal system and deals with laws governing nationality, immigration, laws on aliens and nationality laws. Private international law is mainly covered by the international treaties that govern the rights of aliens and asylum seekers in other countries (Weinrib, 1995). The person bring the case under private law is known as the claimant while the person being sued is the defendant (Cooke, 2011). Tort Law is the main branch of private law. Tort is a civil wrong, breach of trust or equitable obligation, and it is independent of contract. The remedies for torts are a common law action for unliquidated damages. Torts arise when one person owes duties to another due to operation of law. The main objectives of Tort law are to restore rights of individual

Copyright Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Copyright Law - Essay Example This clearly has implications for online protection of copyright with the proliferation of the Internet and multifarious online uses involving copyrighted works. For example, if data is stored on a US computer is downloaded in the UK, UK law will apply and not US law under the Convention5, which creates issues of enforceability and policing in an internationally networked environment offering broader scope for anonymity. Furthermore, the protection of copyright online has become increasingly contentious due to the ease of copying materials in machine readable form and distribution on the Internet6. This is compounded by the low cost of copying and transmitting files on the Internet and the difficulty of policing a borderless jurisdiction further exacerbates the issue as to where liability should lie7. Section 17 of the CDPA addresses copyright infringement and provides that copyright protection prohibits copying the work, issuing copies of the work to the public, renting or lending the work to the public, perform the work, broadcast the work, adapt or amend the work. Additionally, these acts will constitute copyright infringement if there is copying of the â€Å"substantial part† of the copyright works8. Remedies for copyright are commonly damages (often for lost royalty payments), injunctions, accounts for profits or orders for delivery up9. The fair use doctrine is the most common copyright exception under section 29(1) of the CDPA10. Alternatively, section 31 of the CDPA provides a defence of incidental inclusion of copyrighted materials such as when filming or recording live events; which is particularly relevant to inclusion in artistic work, sound recordings, film or broadcasts. The sheer vast range of availability of information online has further rendered it difficult to enforce the principle that there is no implied licence to copy11. Theoretically, downloading someone’s web page is clearly copyright infringement and the

Human rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human rights - Research Paper Example The essay is about the critical evaluation of the short story of children of the sea by Edwidge Danticat, who was born in 1969 in the Haiti’s capital. She had the hands on experience of most of the events she mentioned in her different stories. Danticat’s parents left her in Haiti four years after her birth and immigrated to USA. She spends 12 years of her life in Port-au-Prince. In 1981, she went to USA. She felt herself like an alien and in order to break her loneliness she started writing. Her writings started from the memories of her homeland i.e. Port-au-Prince, Haiti. By the time she reached her teenage she realized her quality of writing and started to write Novels. Her work was first published in 1994 with the name of Breath, Eyes and Memory. Her parents tried to make her nurse but after her graduation from a specialized high school she was more inclined towards the writings. Her first published novels i.e. breath, Eyes & Memory, were also served as her Masterâ €™s dissertations and were highly acclaimed by critics. The acclamation also includes Children of the Sea. It was published in 1995. Her collection of the novels and stories were nominated for the National Book Award. The following year Edwidge Danticat was named as the best Young American Novelist by the magazine named as Granta. She lives in the New York City and has become the teacher of creative writing (Boynton and Malin). The story is about the boat on which a revolutionary guy who was on a small boat that set sail for Miami. The young man belonged to Haiti, and he was a university student. Since his university period he became the religionist against the dictator in Haiti. As a result of his revolutionary activities in Haiti against the dictator of the time, the secret police named as Tonton Macoutes raid on his group. The young guy had to be exiled from the Haiti because Haitian Government wanted him. The young man had a girlfriend in his

Copyright Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Copyright Law - Essay Example This clearly has implications for online protection of copyright with the proliferation of the Internet and multifarious online uses involving copyrighted works. For example, if data is stored on a US computer is downloaded in the UK, UK law will apply and not US law under the Convention5, which creates issues of enforceability and policing in an internationally networked environment offering broader scope for anonymity. Furthermore, the protection of copyright online has become increasingly contentious due to the ease of copying materials in machine readable form and distribution on the Internet6. This is compounded by the low cost of copying and transmitting files on the Internet and the difficulty of policing a borderless jurisdiction further exacerbates the issue as to where liability should lie7. Section 17 of the CDPA addresses copyright infringement and provides that copyright protection prohibits copying the work, issuing copies of the work to the public, renting or lending the work to the public, perform the work, broadcast the work, adapt or amend the work. Additionally, these acts will constitute copyright infringement if there is copying of the â€Å"substantial part† of the copyright works8. Remedies for copyright are commonly damages (often for lost royalty payments), injunctions, accounts for profits or orders for delivery up9. The fair use doctrine is the most common copyright exception under section 29(1) of the CDPA10. Alternatively, section 31 of the CDPA provides a defence of incidental inclusion of copyrighted materials such as when filming or recording live events; which is particularly relevant to inclusion in artistic work, sound recordings, film or broadcasts. The sheer vast range of availability of information online has further rendered it difficult to enforce the principle that there is no implied licence to copy11. Theoretically, downloading someone’s web page is clearly copyright infringement and the

Competitors Analysis for Hoi Tin Tong Essay Example for Free

Competitors Analysis for Hoi Tin Tong Essay Hung Fook Tong (HFT) founded in 1986 and more than 120 stores in China and HK. HFT turned traditional herbal tea shop into a modern and innovative enterprise over the years which have over 100 products, including herbal jellies, herbal tea, homemade soups, and preservative-free healthy drinks. An innovation that helped both the popularity and the portability of herbal tea, they have more than 3000 retail points across the territory, including supermarkets, convenience shops, schools and restaurants. Kung Wo Tong (KWT) was established in 1904 by an imperial physician in the Qing Dynasty, there are total 10 stores in HK and 1 in China. The stores located along a main street and keeps old-fashioned herbal drinks shops in typical sized with limited even no decoration over hundred years. Most of shops sell four to six kinds of herbal drinks, but the herbal jelly is one staple that seldom miss the list. They keeps tradition way and focus more on the health benefits rather than its taste. HealthWorks (HW) started as a traditional Chinese herbal tea shop in 1989 and decided to modernize the company in 2000 in order to follow their global expansion plan. HW use modern technologies involves in develop, produce and distribute an array of traditional Chinese natural nourishing productions including herbal soup, herbal tea, medicinal tea, herbal jelly and other Chinese medicinal diet. There are 22 shops which mainly at MTR stations with trendy decoration and more than 1500 point of sales distributing ready-to-drinks herbal tea in various supermarkets and convenient stores Compare to HTT, customer regard KWT is more traditional and believe the products have more medical function while HFT and HW are trendier and provide health supplement goods. So, customers who go to HTT and KWT will be the local people who believe traditional herbal benefits, mainly the adult and elderly. The customers who go to HFT and HW will be younger age customers with health conscious and even tourists. HTT lost the competitive advances to HFT on product range and market coverage due to HFT do a good job at distribution strategy which has lots of products and large distribution channels. HFT also use price strategy to set their price is the lower among these competitor, these advances make HFT become the biggest herbal tea group in HK according to survey by AC Nelson. HTT use location strategy and branding strategy better than other competitors who have many chain stories and strong image, so HTT have competitive advances on sales network, number of chain stores and customer loyalty.

Fairy Tales Are The Favourite Bedtime Stories Cultural Studies Essay

Fairy Tales Are The Favourite Bedtime Stories Cultural Studies Essay Fairy tales are the favourite bedtime stories for young children; one of the reasons is because they can teach morals. Fairy tales have been around for centuries; even before they emerged as a literary genre of their own. Children the world over have been exposed to different fairy tales and folklore. Fairy tales have also been known to be essential in a childs development, because of its suitability to teach young children moral values while helping children distinguish between deeds that are good and deeds that are evil, such as vengeance. Fairy tales accomplish this by casting protagonists as ordinary children with whom young audiences can easily identify (Cashdan, 2000); in other words, children are able to relate with the protagonists of fairy tales and as they are just like any other children, except for their titles (Cashdan, 2000). Fairy tales have also been described by Bettleheim (1962) as key means by which culture is assimilated by children. Bettelheim (1976) suggests that our unconscious desires are expressed through fairy tales and fairy tales symbolize deep hidden meanings within our beings. For children, he asserts that fairy tales are a wonderful experience because the child feels understood and appreciated deep down in his feelings, hopes, and anxieties, without theses all having to be dragged up and investigated in the harsh light of a rationality that is still beyond him (Bettelheim, 1976). Christians (2009) summarizes this as fairy tales are more naturally suited for children because children can fill a deep psychological need with stories. Fairy tales have also received increasing research as a literary genre because of its influence on children who have been exposed to fairy tales from a young age. Fairy tales, particularly Western European fairy tales have secured a unique place in literature written in English because they have entered our cultural shorthand via the popularity of English translations of the works of Perrault and the Brothers Grimm as well as Disney movies (Schanoes, 2007); making fairy tales a fairly an integral part of childhood. It is also because of the popularity of Western European fairy tales that Christians (2009) derives that fairy tales can now be defined on their own while receiving considerable scholarly attention due to its widespread influence. On the other hand, feminist writers have cited fairy tales as an effective means of submitting women to the values of a patriarchal society, particularly through depicting the fairy tale heroines as beautiful and passive. Fairy tales as a literary genre have also been used in Western cultures to safeguard the values and conventions of its patriarchal societies (Comtois, 1995). These values and conventions embedded in fairy tales, Comtois noted, were consistent with the values that were enforced during the times the tales were written. Fox (1997) notes how the feminine beauty can be seen as a normative means of social control whereby social control is accomplished through the internalization of values and norms that serve to restrict womens lives. Doll (2000) also states that good girls become idealized, perfected objects, pedestaled for the males gaze, further enforcing that women are shaped into characters that are appealing to males. Many feminist writers such as Freedman (1986), Fox (1977), Dellinger and Williams (1997), Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz (2003), and Stone (1985) have noted how fairy tales, particularly princess-themed fairy tales, often employ the portrayal of feminine beauty as a means of control over women by men and the patriarchal societies in which we live in. Beauty is a key element in the lives of many women who spend time, resources and effort in the pursuit of the ideal beauty, most often depicted in numerous media. Women relentless strive to pursue the feminine beauty ideal, which is viewed largely as an oppressive, patriarchal practice that objectifies, devalues, and subordinates women (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz, 2003). Despite this, many women continue to strive for beauty, believing that it plays a major social role in their lives. Backman and Adams (1991) and Suitor and Reavis (1995) assert that beauty is one of the main ways self-esteem and social status are gained by young women and adolescent girls. Women not only want to be beautiful for self-gratification, but also for social purposes, particularly the approval and appraisal by men, whereby according to Freedman (1989), women are aware that beauty comes heavily with men and they therefore work hard to achieve it. The frequent portrayal of women merely as pretty things to look at often create stereotypes that women are exactly that-beautiful dolls who are meant to be seen, and never heard; and all those who do not adhere to such femininity are incompetent and lacking. Dellinger and Williams (1997) found in their study Makeup at work: Negotiating appearance rules in the workplace that women who wear makeup in the workplace are seen as healthier and more competent while those who do not are seen in a negative light. Women who achieve a high degree of attractiveness are psychologically and socially rewarded (Dellinger and Williams, 1997; Hatfield and Sprecher, 1986). This patriarchal society where women are meant to pursue the ideal feminine beauty is mirrored very heavily in fairy tales, especially princess-themed fairy tales, where beauty is often the only power granted to the heroine (Christians, 2009). Jorgensen (2012) declares that beauty is not only linked with success of the heroines in fairy tales but also with character. Fairy tale princesses like Snow White, Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty all rely on using their beauty to entice a prince to liberate them from their burdens; depicting the man as the only key to women to free themselves from problems and to upgrade their social status. The way most classic fairy tales depict women is capable of exposing young children to womens role stereotyping. According to Comtois (1995), feminist writers such as Lieberman (1972), Bottigheimer (1987), Stone (1985), and Tartar (1987) have contended that folklore has at least resulted in the perpetuation of stereotypes in society. These feminist writers also assert that traditional fairy tales have not only served as a mirror of society but have been intentionally used to promote societal values which often depict gender roles in narrow, predetermined ways (Comtois, 1995). Feminist scholars often consider females in fairy tales to be too passive, pretty, and domestic (if protagonists), or alternately too wicked, ugly, and vicious (if antagonists) (Jorgensen, 2012); and these passive, pretty fairy tale heroines receive rewards when they adhere to said roles (Gauntlett, 2002). 1.1 Statement of the Problem While research on fairy tales is not new (with studies of fairy tales dating back as far as the 19th century and early 20th century), its research is not widespread, though gaining momentum because of the popularity of Western European fairy tales. Research on feminism and gender stereotyping in fairy tales have dated back as early as the 1960s with Bettelheims Use of Enchantments (1962) and Heuschers (1963) A Psychiatric Study of Fairy Tales: Their Origin, Meaning, and Usefulness for example. Much of feminist fairy tale researches focus primarily on the sexual stereotyping of women in fairy tales, as carried out by feminist writers such as Bottigheimer (1987), Stone (1985), Comtois (1995), and Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz (2005). Some research also focuses on the negative impact of fairy tales as found in Stones 1985 study The misuse of enchantment: Controversies on the significance of fairy tales. According to Stone (1985) stereotypes are engraved in the perceptions of young women from early childhood and it is possible that as these young girls progress into young adults, the gender stereotypes created in their childhood will still persist and perhaps result in negative effects regarding their perceptions of gender roles and even confidence and self-image. This study aims to discover the impacts of fairy tales on young adult males who have been exposed to fairy tales, particularly princess-themed fairy tales, to determine what kind of gender stereotypes have been conceptualized and their perceptions towards gender roles depicted in fairy tales. This study also aims to determine whether feminism has had an impact on altering the stereotypes created by fairy tales. Moreover, much of the feminist researches focus more on womens responses and opinions towards fairy tales and these researches are mostly theoretical in nature. Previously, there have been two researches conducted on the impact of fairy tales on people: Kay F. Stones 1985 study which involved a sample consisting of women, children, and men; and Rita Comtois 1995 study which featured a sample of women only. According to Comtois (1995), despite a number of feminist writers who have studied the potential impact of sexual stereotyping in fairy tales (Bottigheimer, 1987; Stone, 1985; Tatar, 1987), the majority of their opinions are speculative, based on conclusions drawn from and implications of a fairy tales exposure on its audience. This study will be similar to Rita J. Comtois 1995 qualitative study of the perceived impact of fairy tales on a group of women. This study will also be similar to K. F. Stones 1985 study on the impact of fairy tales, which she conducted in a series of interviews, with a sample of forty-four people, whereby 6 of her respondents were boys. While Comtois research explored the psychological impact fairy tales have had on a female audience which has reached adulthood, this study will instead use a male audience as the sample. With the use males as the respondents, this study, which adopts a feminist approach, it will be possible to collect data on the opinions of males on the topic without resorting to speculative theories. The results of this study whereby a bigger male sample is used, as opposed to the 1985 study carried out by Stone (with only a small sample of 6 males), it will also be possible to gain more insight into what males think without resorting to conjectures. Purpose of this study This study aims: To determine the effects of exposure of fairy tales from an early age on young male adults regarding the way they perceive stereotypical gender roles. To establish whether the gender stereotypes in young male adults have slowly changed over time or are carried well into adulthood due to these effects of exposure to princess-themed fairy tales. To determine how feminist views have altered and changed the way young adult males view the stereotypical female characters depicted in fairy tales and women in real life. Research questions At the end of this study, the researcher hopes to answer the following research questions: What are the effects of exposure of fairy tales on young adult males regarding their perspectives of stereotypical gender roles? How have the effects of exposure to princess-themed fairy tales on young adult males from their youths persisted over time? How have feminist views changed the perception of gender stereotypes formed in young male adults regarding female characters depicted in fairy tales as well as woman in real life? 1.4 Significance of the Study The results from this study will help to increase the knowledge and awareness on the impact of fairy tales on the development of stereotypes of women in young adult males who have been exposed to fairy tales at a young age. From the study, it will also expand the knowledge base on what kind of gender stereotypes are formed and whether they are identical to the stereotypical characteristics of women (particularly princesses) that have been depicted in fairy tales. It will also help to shed some light on whether these stereotypes have degraded over time in the mindset of young adults, whether they have applied these stereotypes onto women in real life, and whether the onset of feminism has in turned further altered these stereotypes. If the gender stereotypes formed through the exposure of fairy tales from an early age still persist throughout the lives of the respondents well into their young adult years, then it will show that fairy tales do have a lasting impact on young adult males. The results of study will provide more insight into how much fairy tales have affected young adult males and what kind of stereotypes have formed as a result of fairy tale exposure. Apart from that, based on the results from this study, it will shed some light on whether young adult male still hold stereotypes towards feminine beauty and women (whereby women who make an effort to enhance their appearance are more valued than those who do not) as suggested by Dellinger and Williams (1997) as well Hatfield and Sprecher (1984). Instead of drawing conclusions from theoretical analysis and assumptions of what kind of impact fairy tales have on men, the data collected from this study will provide will help to clarify what sort of stereotypes that males really have towards women as a result of exposure to fairy tales. 1.5 Scope of Study and Methodology The independent variable of this study is the princess-themed fairy tales. The dependent variable would be the responses provided from the respondents towards the princess-themed fairy tales text. The hypothesis of this study is that fairy tales do have some impact on the formation of gender stereotypes in men. In this study, the respondents will be male Faculty of Arts and Social Science students studying in UTAR. A total of 50 respondents will be chosen through two sampling methods to participate in this study where respondents will be required to answer an online questionnaire based on their cognitive knowledge of fairy tales. The first will be the purposive sampling method which is a form of non-probability sampling technique by which the researcher chooses the sample based on who they think would be appropriate for the study. The second method used will be snowball sampling, a non-probability sampling technique where the participants that have already been selected will be asked to recommend new respondents from their friends and acquaintances. In this study, purposive sampling will be used because the selection of respondents will not be random as only male respondents will be chosen; and the snowball sampling method is used to gain access to a larger sample of young adult males. 1.6 Limitations of the study This study will be conducted among Faculty of Arts and Social Science students in UTAR, which would mean that the scope of respondents is limited as the findings cannot be generalized to all students. In this study, there will be no equal distribution of race, so it would not be possible to examine the different responses among races and cultures. Moreover, this study will only focus on princess-themed fairy tales, namely Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, and Cinderella. Therefore, the finding cannot be generalized with other non-princess-themed fairy tales. Furthermore, the use of an online questionnaire, despite its advantages, will not guarantee absolute control over the respondents. Additionally the use of snowball sampling might result in wrong anchoring, whereby there is a lack of definite knowledge on whether the respondents are from the intended target group. Time constraint is also a limitation in this study. With a set time limit allocated, it was not possible to gather more thorough data for more conclusive findings. 1.7 Operational Terms 1.7.1 Fairy Tale A fairy tale, according to Anderson (2000) can be defined as short, imaginative, traditional tales with a high moral and magical content. Heuscher (1963) defines the fairy tale as a narration which is not based on historic persons or events, as opposed to an epic or saga. 1.7.2 Gender Stereotypes Gender stereotypes  are simple generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals and groups. Gender stereotypes are widely held beliefs about the characteristics and behaviour of not only women and men but also transgendered people (Manstead and Hewstone; 1995) which suggest how men and women should and should not behave. These stereotypes can be positive or negative, but are rarely accurate. 1.7.3 Feminism Feminism is the championing of equal rights for men and women. It is defined as the belief in the social, political, and economical equality of the sexes (Rowe-Finkbeiner, 2004) such as the right to vote; pursue a career and to have equal social status. 1.7.4 Feminine beauty ideal Femininity is a set of womanly qualities, behaviours, and roles generally associated with girls and women. Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz (2003) define the feminine beauty ideal as the socially constructed notion that physical attractiveness is one womans most important assets, and something all women should strive to achieve and maintain. 1.8 Organization of the Thesis This study consists of a total of five chapters, which are Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Findings Analysis, and Discussion Conclusion. The Introduction, which is the first chapter, addresses the background of study, statement of problem, purpose of study, research questions, significance of study, scope and limitations of study, the definition of key terms and the organization of the thesis. The second chapter, Literature Review, will outline the definitions of fairy tales, feminine beauty ideal, gender stereotypes, as well as men and their negative reaction towards feminism. Additionally this chapter will also explore some of the previous feminist critiques on fairy tales, the feminine beauty ideal, and gender stereotypes; investigating the relationship between fairy tales and feminism through past research, and briefly address the present study. The third chapter, Methodology will explain the research design, sampling, instruments used for data gathering, the pilot study, procedures, and the data analysis. The fourth and fifth chapter will present the findings and discuss its significance in relation to the study as well as provide recommendations for further research and conclusions respectively. CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter will highlight more on the definitions of fairy tales, feminine beauty ideal, gender stereotypes, as well as men and their negative reaction towards feminism. Additionally this chapter will also explore some of the previous feminist critiques on fairy tales, the feminine beauty ideal, and gender stereotypes; investigating the relationship between fairy tales and feminism through past research. 2.1 Fairy tales In order to find out about the impact of fairy tales on young adult males, it is first crucial to understand the meaning of fairy tales as well as their purpose in society, and the relationship between feminist criticism, fairy tales, and society-which first begins with the question: What is a fairy tale? 2.1.1 What is a fairy tale? A fairy tale is a very powerful literary piece that undoubtedly resonates throughout the entire world as everyone has been exposed to fairy tales at one point in their lives, most notably during their childhood. Rohrich (1986) describes fairy tales as one of the deepest and most enduring childhood impressions. If one were to be asked to define a fairy tale, no doubt it would be described as a story with magical elements where a hero does a good deed while rescuing a princess in between, thus saving the day. According to Anderson (2000), fairy tales can be defined as short, imaginative, traditional tales with a high moral and magical content. Heuscher (1963) defines the fairy tale as a narration which is not based on historic persons or events, in contrast to an epic or saga. Jack Zipes (2012) has described the fairy tale as both an elaborate and simple narrative. Various fairy tale scholars consider fairy tales to be highly structured fictional stories wherein youth protagonists attain riches, marriage, and social justice by means of cleverness, beauty, endurance, and magic (Christians, 2009). However, even with all the definitions provided on fairy tales, it has been noted that fairy tales cannot easily be defined. Rachael Burkholder (2011) explains that even within the genre itself, there are minor discrepancies in definitions, causing overlap within the definitions and such variations within the genre make clear definitions difficult. Author J.R.R. Tolkien has also confessed to being a fairy tale lover though he uses the term fairy-stories instead. Tolkien himself has found difficulty in defining fairy tales or fairy-stories in his study On Faerie Stories: You will turn to the Oxford English Dictionary in vain. It contains no reference to the combination fairy-story, and is unhelpful on the subject of fairies generally. In the Supplement, fairy-tale is recorded since the year 1750, and its leading sense is said to be (a) a tale about fairies, or generally a fairy legend; with developed senses, (b) an unreal or incredible story, and (c) a falsehood. (Tolkien, The Tolkien Reader, 1966). 2.1.2 The purpose of a fairy tale It is also important to understand the purpose of the fairy tale. The goal of the fairy tale is to describe the marvellous and mysterious; that is, happenings which transcend everyday reality and as such are impossible to study by any scientific method (Comtois, 1995). Cashdan (2000) states that fairy tales are more than suspense-filled adventures that excite the imagination, more than mere entertainment; Cashdan stresses that while the initial attraction of fairy tales may be for entertainment and enjoyment purposes, its lasting value lies in its power to help children deal with the internal conflicts they face in the course of growing up The fairy tale genre has roots deeply embedded in the traditions of oral tales, myths and legends (Christians, 2009) and many scholars classify fairy tales with folklore narratives-which are the various genres such as legends, fairy tales, myths, epics, ballads, folktales and so on (Christians, 2009). The emergence of the fairy tale as a literary genre has been fairly recent; the fairy tale has evolved through many cultural changes, making it one of the more diversified genres (Christrians, 2009). While many people of today often classify fairy tales as childrens literature, these stories were in fact intended for adults instead. However, the tales have been adapted and revised for children because they are a suitable medium for teaching morals (Christians, 2009) because children find it easy to identify with the protagonists in fairy tales, whom they regard as ordinary and therefore similar to themselves (Cashdan, 2000). It is because of this that fairy tales, particularly fairy tales by the Grimm brothers in the nineteenth century were originally used as primers for relatively affluent European children and served to impart moral lessons to them (Zipes, 1988a as cited in Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz, 2003). Bettelheim (1976) has also noted how fairy tales manage to connect with children on a deep psychological level, as opposed to adults, where he argues that for adults, the fairy tale motifs are something one is better off understanding rationally so one can rid oneself of them. As Zipes (2002) states, Most fairy tales are an imaginative depiction of healthy human development and help children understand the motives behind their rebellion against parents and the fear of growing up. Today, fairy tales especially those that have survived the test of time are one of the most widely read genres in the world. They are actively read by children across the globe and its readership transcends the borders of social class and racial groups (Zipes, 1997) while continuing to contain symbolic imagery that legitimates existing race, class, and gender systems (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz, 2003). 2.1.3Fairy tale as a mirror of society It is generally recognized by fairy tale scholars such as Jack Zipes (1988), Kay Stone (1985) and Maria Tatar (1987) that fairy tales have been known to reflect the culture and values of the society of their time. As fairy tales are one of the most influential forms of literature, one of the more important purposes of fairy tales was to teach children good moral values as well as the norms of society. Bettelheim (1976) suggests that fairy tales symbolize deep hidden meanings and desires within our unconscious mind, therefore it is much easier for children to identity with fairy tales as children can fill a deep psychological need with stories (Christians, 2009). Folklorists thus utilize fairy tales to transmit the cultures and traditions acceptable in society to young children. According to Glassie (1999), folklorists learn to emphasize transmission and to think of traditions as things, items, as song texts and quilt patterns passed from generation to generation. Considering the impact of fairy tales on young children, it is not surprising that fairy tales have been made into a medium used to imprint desired gender roles before being transmitted to the young. Therefore it should also not be unforeseen that childrens literature contains messages, both implicit and explicit, about dominant power structures in society, particularly about gender roles (Clark, Lennon, and Morris, 1993; Crabb and Bielawski, 1994; Kortenhause and Demarest, 1993; Weitzman et al., 1972; as cited in Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz, 2003). With the rise of technology in the 18th century due to the development of the printing press, the publishing power and distribution were in the hands of the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie (Comtois, 1995) who had originally considered fairy tales to be lacking in morals for their failure to promote hallowed virtues such as order, discipline, and modesty which were needed to cultivate and thereby ensure newly rising capitalist interests and which were consistent with the Christian ethic (Comtois, 1995). In order to keep with the socio-political era in 19th century Germany, many tales were sanitized and adapted by the Grimm brothers. Zipes (1988a, 1988b) had noted that apart from teaching young children appropriate values and attitudes of the time, fairy tales were also intended to teach young girls and women how to become responsible, domesticated and attractive to a marriage partner during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Bottigheimer (1986) also found that tales reinforced womens silence, a cultural preference at the time-a trait noticeable in fairy tale heroines who often stay silent and only speak in response to a question posed by a male character. 2.1.4 Feminism, Fairy tales and Patriarchal Society One of the main concerns of feminist scholars is the way traditional fairy tales are used by patriarchal societies to promote narrow, predetermined views on gender roles whereby women are portrayed in a shallow light. Feminist writers like Lieberman (1972), Bottigheimer (1986), Stone (1985), and Tatar (1987) maintain that fairy tales have resulted in the formation of gender stereotypes. Women are expected to behave like fairy tale heroines and thus be seen and not heard-they are expected to be pretty, passive, domesticated and silent. It is a common opinion among feminist writers that fairy tales are indeed a tool used by men in patriarchal societies to impart what they think is considered as proper behaviour for women, setting the blueprint for what they see as proper gender roles in society. Therefore, fairy tales are used to shape and mould women to conform to the patriarchal values and norms; or simply as a form of control on womens behaviour. Taking a closer look at the use of fairy tales to promote norms and values that are viewed as acceptable in a patriarchal society, Tatar (1987) uncovered some interesting details about fairy tales, prior to and after the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In her 1987 work The hard facts of the Grimms Fairy tales, Tatar notes that prior to the 18th century, male and female Cinderellas were found in equal frequencies in European folklores. The male counterparts of the present-day female fairy tale heroines were not limited to Cinderella alone-documentations of male Snow Whites were also found in Turkish folklores as well as a Russian male Sleeping Beauty (Tatar, 1987). From this knowledge, it is rather interesting to ponder on the reason for the sudden drastic change in the role of the rescuer and the rescued. When early European folktales have clearly placed women in the roles that, in todays patriarchal society, would conventionally be bestowed on males, Tatar (1987) prompts us to think twice about male hero patterns when we come across a collection of tales depicting heroines who carry out tasks normally put to male heroes alone or who denounce fathers too weak to protect them from evil stepmothers. 2.1.5 Female heroines and patriarchal society Consistent with the values of the era, the Grimmss tales made it clear that domestic talents were a heroines ideal (Comtois, 1995). However, Tatar (1987) questions the motives of the Grimm brothers, who were responsible for collecting, rewriting and adapting the folklores for the German audience to ensure that the folklores to fit in with the morals, values and norms in 19th century Germany. Women, who were once revered as brave and worthy, were suddenly reduced to the role of damsels in distress; morphing into what Kohlbenschlag (1988) refers to as the formula female. The formula female, according to Kohlbenschlag, has two personas-the desirable object, and the woman who is geared to live for another person (Comtois, 1995); she is a woman who will sacrifice her own needs in order to achieve these two personas. Atkins (2004) states that fairy tale heroines like Snow White, Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty are schooled through their gender constructions, must participate in patriarchal society because their happiness depends on conformity to [its] rule (Zipes, 1983). Atkins further asserts that these fairy tale heroines are left with no choice as they have no right to challenge their roles as idealized women. There are fairy tale females who do not fit into the passive, obedient category and as these female characters fail to conform (Zipes, 1983), they are typecast as wicked women. These are the wicked female antagonists that we see in fairy tales-mothers, step-mothers, stepsiblings, and evil witches. These women are punished at the end of the tales for their contravention (Mueller, 1986) against the good-girl heroines (Atkins, 2004), usually during, immediately after or before the wedding of the heroine princess. This, according to Atkins (2004) makes it clear to readers of fairy tales that the choice is simple-conform to the norms of patriarchal society or suffer the consequences. Atkins (2004) further states that conformity is the key to the kingdom where women must submit themselves to the patriarchal rule, because they are compelled to do so (Rowe, 1979; Atkins 2004). According to Rowe (1979), fairy tales perpetuate the patriarchal status quo by making female subordination seem a romantically desirable, indeed and inescapable fate. 2.2 Gender Stereotypes Gender stereotypes are also an important key term in this study as the main objective of this research is to explore the effect of fairy tales on the formation of gender stereotype